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Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)
Support for the Internationalised Domain Names in Applications
(IDNA) protocol as specified in RFC 5891 <https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5891>
_.
This is the latest version of the protocol and is sometimes referred to as
“IDNA 2008”.
This library also provides support for Unicode Technical Standard 46,
Unicode IDNA Compatibility Processing <https://unicode.org/reports/tr46/>
_.
This acts as a suitable replacement for the “encodings.idna” module that
comes with the Python standard library, but which only supports the
older superseded IDNA specification (RFC 3490 <https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3490>
_).
Basic functions are simply executed:
.. code-block:: pycon
>>> import idna
>>> idna.encode('ドメイン.テスト')
b'xn--eckwd4c7c.xn--zckzah'
>>> print(idna.decode('xn--eckwd4c7c.xn--zckzah'))
ドメイン.テスト
To install this library, you can use pip:
.. code-block:: bash
$ pip install idna
Alternatively, you can install the package using the bundled setup script:
.. code-block:: bash
$ python setup.py install
For typical usage, the encode
and decode
functions will take a domain
name argument and perform a conversion to A-labels or U-labels respectively.
.. code-block:: pycon
>>> import idna
>>> idna.encode('ドメイン.テスト')
b'xn--eckwd4c7c.xn--zckzah'
>>> print(idna.decode('xn--eckwd4c7c.xn--zckzah'))
ドメイン.テスト
You may use the codec encoding and decoding methods using the
idna.codec
module:
.. code-block:: pycon
>>> import idna.codec
>>> print('домен.испытание'.encode('idna'))
b'xn--d1acufc.xn--80akhbyknj4f'
>>> print(b'xn--d1acufc.xn--80akhbyknj4f'.decode('idna'))
домен.испытание
Conversions can be applied at a per-label basis using the ulabel
or alabel
functions if necessary:
.. code-block:: pycon
>>> idna.alabel('测试')
b'xn--0zwm56d'
Compatibility Mapping (UTS #46) +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
As described in RFC 5895 <https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5895>
_, the IDNA
specification does not normalize input from different potential ways a user
may input a domain name. This functionality, known as a “mapping”, is
considered by the specification to be a local user-interface issue distinct
from IDNA conversion functionality.
This library provides one such mapping, that was developed by the Unicode
Consortium. Known as Unicode IDNA Compatibility Processing <https://unicode.org/reports/tr46/>
_,
it provides for both a regular mapping for typical applications, as well as
a transitional mapping to help migrate from older IDNA 2003 applications.
For example, “Königsgäßchen” is not a permissible label as LATIN CAPITAL LETTER K is not allowed (nor are capital letters in general). UTS 46 will convert this into lower case prior to applying the IDNA conversion.
.. code-block:: pycon
>>> import idna
>>> idna.encode('Königsgäßchen')
...
idna.core.InvalidCodepoint: Codepoint U+004B at position 1 of 'Königsgäßchen' not allowed
>>> idna.encode('Königsgäßchen', uts46=True)
b'xn--knigsgchen-b4a3dun'
>>> print(idna.decode('xn--knigsgchen-b4a3dun'))
königsgäßchen
Transitional processing provides conversions to help transition from the older 2003 standard to the current standard. For example, in the original IDNA specification, the LATIN SMALL LETTER SHARP S (ß) was converted into two LATIN SMALL LETTER S (ss), whereas in the current IDNA specification this conversion is not performed.
.. code-block:: pycon
>>> idna.encode('Königsgäßchen', uts46=True, transitional=True)
'xn--knigsgsschen-lcb0w'
Implementors should use transitional processing with caution, only in rare cases where conversion from legacy labels to current labels must be performed (i.e. IDNA implementations that pre-date 2008). For typical applications that just need to convert labels, transitional processing is unlikely to be beneficial and could produce unexpected incompatible results.
encodings.idna
Compatibility
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
Function calls from the Python built-in encodings.idna
module are
mapped to their IDNA 2008 equivalents using the idna.compat
module.
Simply substitute the import
clause in your code to refer to the
new module name.
All errors raised during the conversion following the specification should
raise an exception derived from the idna.IDNAError
base class.
More specific exceptions that may be generated as idna.IDNABidiError
when the error reflects an illegal combination of left-to-right and
right-to-left characters in a label; idna.InvalidCodepoint
when
a specific codepoint is an illegal character in an IDN label (i.e.
INVALID); and idna.InvalidCodepointContext
when the codepoint is
illegal based on its positional context (i.e. it is CONTEXTO or CONTEXTJ
but the contextual requirements are not satisfied.)
The IDNA and UTS 46 functionality relies upon pre-calculated lookup
tables for performance. These tables are derived from computing against
eligibility criteria in the respective standards. These tables are
computed using the command-line script tools/idna-data
.
This tool will fetch relevant codepoint data from the Unicode repository and perform the required calculations to identify eligibility. There are three main modes:
idna-data make-libdata
. Generates idnadata.py
and uts46data.py
,
the pre-calculated lookup tables using for IDNA and UTS 46 conversions. Implementors
who wish to track this library against a different Unicode version may use this tool
to manually generate a different version of the idnadata.py
and uts46data.py
files.
idna-data make-table
. Generate a table of the IDNA disposition
(e.g. PVALID, CONTEXTJ, CONTEXTO) in the format found in Appendix B.1 of RFC
5892 and the pre-computed tables published by IANA <https://www.iana.org/>
_.
idna-data U+0061
. Prints debugging output on the various properties
associated with an individual Unicode codepoint (in this case, U+0061), that are
used to assess the IDNA and UTS 46 status of a codepoint. This is helpful in debugging
or analysis.
The tool accepts a number of arguments, described using idna-data -h
. Most notably,
the --version
argument allows the specification of the version of Unicode to use
in computing the table data. For example, idna-data --version 9.0.0 make-libdata
will generate library data against Unicode 9.0.0.
Packages. The latest tagged release version is published in the
Python Package Index <https://pypi.org/project/idna/>
_.
Version support. This library supports Python 3.5 and higher. As this library serves as a low-level toolkit for a variety of applications, many of which strive for broad compatibility with older Python versions, there is no rush to remove older intepreter support. Removing support for older versions should be well justified in that the maintenance burden has become too high.
Python 2. Python 2 is supported by version 2.x of this library. While active development of the version 2.x series has ended, notable issues being corrected may be backported to 2.x. Use "idna<3" in your requirements file if you need this library for a Python 2 application.
Testing. The library has a test suite based on each rule of the IDNA specification, as
well as tests that are provided as part of the Unicode Technical Standard 46,
Unicode IDNA Compatibility Processing <https://unicode.org/reports/tr46/>
_.
Emoji. It is an occasional request to support emoji domains in this library. Encoding
of symbols like emoji is expressly prohibited by the technical standard IDNA 2008 and
emoji domains are broadly phased out across the domain industry due to associated security
risks. For now, applications that wish need to support these non-compliant labels may
wish to consider trying the encode/decode operation in this library first, and then falling
back to using encodings.idna
. See the Github project <https://github.com/kjd/idna/issues/18>
_
for more discussion.
This section shows a list of objects the current object is dependent upon in order to be used.
For dependencies that are only relevant as part of the build or runtime of the object, it is best to describe those local to those sections.
This section tracks information useful to describing how to build this object.
idna-3.3-py3-none-any.whl
application/zip
Python Source for idna 3.3
https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/04/a2/d918dcd22354d8958fe113e1a3630137e0fc8b44859ade3063982eacd2a4/idna-3.3-py3-none-any.whl
QmVEXmeHHpa5Jsoehyus9N9LTe5UbwfuzgUTceAzFSefNr
QmWs8gAo5mufafJFfWCwFq2s7WEinCbH5dH5RC28zqRLhu
QmXHFCrBqFizmbBE16bzN262MEKehonNEpiANjysmKzf3k
downloadargparse-1.4.0.tar.gz
application/gzip
Python Source for argparse 1.4.0
https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/18/dd/e617cfc3f6210ae183374cd9f6a26b20514bbb5a792af97949c5aacddf0f/argparse-1.4.0.tar.gz
QmVMjtpCHUfoKdHkNdqDCry1Ck6P8Tk9bJaHmrH7a35oXr
QmYhLtiLR6hamZiy5TL3vf5d6fA1z2eq4iGn4EmeJywkFs
QmUyto3kPC3XY43kf9bh6VoSJnEVvUCX32XX5EPXZCFCNw
download/bin/bash
{{ paths.mount }}/build.sh
idna-3.3-py3-none-any.whl
3
idna
argparse-1.4.0.tar.gz
linux
x86-64
Objects have a set of files that comprise that object, as seen in the Files tab. When an object is built, they have a set of files that are the result of that build. In each case, these sets of files are the ones that are accessible within a virtual machine when running the object.
This section describes how those files are accessible and visible to that machine. When a virtual machine is created, the data is always accessible read-only within a particular mounted directory. However, applications may expect to be located at particular directories. This section allows one to place files in different directories when the virtual machine is launched.
There are two types of access. One is a link where the file is not copied from its original location. Instead, it creates what is called a symbolic link which is a "shortcut" that acts like a normal file but allows the actual data to be in a different directory. The other type is a traditional copy which copies the data explicitly to the provided destination. This takes more time, but the copy can be modified, unlike the read-only link type.
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